CHAPTER VII
THE GRAND LODGE OF NOVA SCOTIA
1866-69
FORMATION AND EXPANSION

In the preceding chapter it was suggested that John Leander Starr was probably looking forward to an independent Grand Lodge of Nova Scotia when he recommended that Alexander Keith, Provincial Grand Master under the Grand Lodge of England, should head the Scottish lodges as well. The value of union must have occurred many times to Alexander Keith, during the next decade, as in his dual role he sought to satisfy both groups, and to prevent personal rivalries and territorial disputes from destroying Masonic friendship and brotherly love. By 1860, not only Keith, but most of his associates, whether English or Scottish, had become convinced that the two Provincial Grand Lodges should follow the example of the Ancients and Moderns of 1813, and unite.

The first concerted effort to achieve union was made in 1861 when a committee from each Provincial Grand Lodge, meeting in joint session, agreed to recommend to their respective organizations that they seek permission from the Parent Grand Lodges overseas to form an independent Grand Lodge of Nova Scotia. Since neither the English nor the Scottish Lodges in the Province could be expected to accept the authority of the Grand Lodge of the other, any union must of necessity include independence. The recommendation was approved by both Provincial Grand Lodges, and a carefully prepared request went to the Grand Lodge Offices in London and Edinburgh.

The Grand Lodge of England replied promptly but peremptorily refused to approve a union. The English lodges then declared they could not continue negotiations. The Grand Lodge of Scotland, for reasons that will appear, made no reply. The Scottish lodges might have taken silence to mean consent, but they were then too weak to proceed alone, and so action was delayed for five years.

By 1866, the Scottish lodges were much stronger. Five years before they had only a few lodges, and only one outside of Halifax. In the interval, the number had increased to thirteen, and they were to be found all the way from Yarmouth along the south coast to North Sydney. Also, many of the lodges, especially in Halifax, had developed a number of able and dedicated leaders.

The movement for independence among the Scottish lodges received considerable impetus from the fact that the mother Grand Lodge in Edinburgh was neglecting her growing daughter in Nova Scotia. Communications sent from Halifax were frequently filed and forgotten. Diplomas and certificates were not sent when ordered, but might be as much as a year or eighteen months late. Receipts for fees and dues were difficult to obtain, and important news, such as installation of a new Grand Master in 1864, did not reach Halifax officially until 1866. Without the necessary documents, the lodges were unable to transact their business properly, and members could not gain admission to other lodges, especially outside their own jurisdiction. This neglect could not continue, if the lodges and the Provincial Grand Lodge were to survive. Protests from Keith and his Grand Secretary were of no avail. Even a personal visit to Edinburgh by the Provincial Grand Chaplain, Rev. George Boyd, produced no more than promises which were not fulfilled.1 Under such conditions, independence once considered advisable, was now deemed necessary.

The first step toward the desired independence was taken at the Quarterly Meeting of the Provincial Grand Lodge (Scottish) on November 21, 1865, when a resolution was adopted which, after recounting the "unaccountable and unjustifiable" neglect being shown by the Grand Lodge of Scotland, authorized the appointment of the Worshipful Master, or a Past Master, of each Scottish lodge in Halifax to arrange for a Convention of all lodges under the Provincial Grand Lodge of Scotland to be held in the capital on January 16, 1866, to consider "the propriety of forming a Grand Lodge of Nova Scotia." A copy of the resolution was sent to the District Grand Lodge of England, but as the English Lodges were still bound by the ruling of 1861, the Convention was made up of Scottish Lodges only.

When the Convention opened, it was found that twelve lodges had sent delegates. All were enthusiastic and determined. They agreed that a Grand Lodge of Nova Scotia should be formed; it was left to the Provincial Grand Lodge to take the appropriate action.

At the next Quarterly Session of the Provincial Grand Lodge, all of the officers, with the exception of Alexander Keith, who was not present and felt bound by his oath, and the Provincial Grand Secretary and Treasurer, who remained to wind up the old before initiating the new, submitted their resignations, and they were not replaced. The old order thus came to an end. A general convention of the Scottish lodges was then called to meet on February 20, 1866. It was to be a truly constitutional convention at which a new Grand Lodge of Nova Scotia was to be born.

The convention of February, 1866, proved to be one of the largest assemblages of Masons ever to gather together in the province" up to that time. All thirteen lodges were represented.

William Taylor, a Past Master of Burns Lodge, was called to the chair and a resolution was moved, seconded and unanimously adopted, "That we do now proceed to the formation of a Grand Lodge of Nova Scotia."

"It was further agreed that the five principal officers be elected by ballot and the remainder by open vote." All were to serve until the first regular meeting of the new Grand Lodge.

The officers elected pro tempore included:

*William H. Davies, MD............Grand Master
*William Taylor...................Deputy Grand Master
James R. Graham...................Substitute Grand Master
Robert J. Romans..................Grand Senior Warden
A. K. McKinley....................Grand Junior Warden
William Garvie....................Grand Treasurer
*Stephen R. Sircom................Grand Registrar
* Charles J. MacDonald............Grand Secretary

(Those marked with a * were later elected Grand Masters of Nova Scotia)

A committee of five of the above officers was appointed to frame a constatation, procure warrants, diplomas, etc. "correspond with various Grand Lodges and with all the lodges in Nova Scotia, and transact such other business as may be deemed necessary"2

Acting on the advice of M.W. Bro. Josiah H. Drummond, P.G.M. of Maine, "Let the senior Past Master present install the officers of Grand Lodge," W. Bro. William Taylor conducted the installation, March 20, 1866.

Following the return of charters and dispensations and the payment of all dues and fees to the Provincial Grand Lodge and the Grand Lodge of Scotland, new warrants were issued to the ten existing lodges and to a new lodge in Halifax under dispensation, to be called The Lodge of St. Marc:

Burns Lodge No. l............Halifax
Athole Lodge No. 2...........Halifax
Keith Lodge No. 3............Halifax
Scotia Lodge No. 4...........Halifax
Virgin Lodge No. 5...........Wilmot (changed in 1867 to Davies)
Albert Lodge No. 6...........Shelburne
Eldora No. 7.................Wine Harbour
Concord  No. 8...............Barrington
St. Marks No. 9..............Baddeck
Queens No. 10................Sherbrooke
The Lodge of St.Marc No.11...Halifax

On March 22, a circular was sent to the various Grand Lodges of the United States and of Canada, reciting the various steps leading up to the formation of the Grand Lodge which resulted in the official recognition of the new Grand Lodge by the Grand Lodge of Maine "as a regularly constituted Grand Lodge" and a cordial welcome to it as a new member of the family of Grand Lodges most cordial and friendly answers, including Canada, Maryland, Iowa, Oregon, Nebraska, Indiana, and New Hampshire, all of which later recognized the Grand Lodge of Nova Scotia.

The action taken to establish the new Grand Lodge was unreservedly commanded and justified by Albert G. Mackey of South Carolina, George W. Chase, Editor of the Masonic Journal; John W. Simons, P.G.M. of New York; and other Masonic jurists of that day.

At the first regular meeting of the Grand Lodge of Nova Scotia held on June 21, 1866, the election of permanent officers took place. They were as follows:

William H. Davies, MD........Grand Master
William Taylor...............Deputy Grand Master
James R. Graham..............Substitute Grand Master
Robert J. Romans.............Grand Senior Warden
William Garvie...............Grand Junior Warden
A. K. MacKinlay..............Grand Treasurer
Stephen R. Sircom............Grand Registrar
Newell Snow..................Grand Lecturer

Fifteen other officers, including five Grand Stewards, were also elected.

Later in the day M. W. Bro. Col. William Mercer Wilson, Past Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Canada, was received with Grand Honours and invited to install the Grand Officers, after which the new Grand Master sketched the history of the efforts made in the previous years to establish the new Grand Lodge.

His address was of a high order: "Let us now look upward and take courage; let the ruling ambition of every Master of a lodge be, not who can show the largest roll of membership, but who can boast of the best men, men who fully appreciate and live up to the principles of Masonry, brotherly love, relief, and truth.

"Our constitution effectually prevents the undue haste that has long been a stain upon us in the making of Masons. Let it then be the duty of everyone of us to sift well the characters of those we recommend and admit to lodges and let none be admitted unless we are fully convinced they will act up to the principles they profess.

"Remember, brethren, that our subordinate lodges will advance in numbers and usefulness as they advance in morality; and their strength and influence will depend more upon their moral character than their numbers .... The conferring of degrees does not make Masons, a knowledge of the sublime principles upon which Masonry is founded, of the moral obligations, which it enjoins, and the practical duties which it inculcates are absolutely requisite to form the true and accomplished Mason."

Our first Grand Master was born at Alton Mines, Nova Scotia, August 20, 1834. After attending the school of his native town, he entered the University of Edinburgh, studying for the profession of physical and surgeon. On graduation in August, 1857, he attained high honours in obstetrics.

In November of the same year, his certificate empowering him to practise in Nova Scotia was signed by Dr. Charles Tupper, then Provincial Secretary, and later Prime Minister of Canada.

Entering the Army he served for several years in the Army Medical Corps.

It was during this period that he joined Keith Lodge, Halifax, and became active in Freemasonry. He later joined Scotia Lodge No. 411 Halifax, and presided as Master 1862-1864. He was also in R.A. Masonry and in the Knights Templar Order.

In the period 1861 to 1866, he was a leader in the movement to form a Grand Lodge of Nova Scotia, which culminated in the formal organization of the Grand Lodge on February 20, 1866, and his own election as the first Grand Master. He was re-elected, June 21, 1866, and again in June 1867.

During the time of his Grand Mastership, seven lodges were added to the roll of Grand Lodge, bringing the total to 18 constituent lodges. In the same period, the new Grand Lodge was recognized by thirty-seven other regular Grand Lodges.

During his term of office, the beautiful collar and jewel, worn by successive Grand Masters of Masons in Nova Scotia, was purchased from Brother Hay of Edinburgh, and Dr. Davies was the first to wear it. His portrait hangs in the lodge room in Halifax.

Dr. W. H. Davies
Grand Master, 1866

At the quarterly meeting held December 13, 1867, he announced that "in consequence of impaired health and the severity of the climate, it was necessary for a period to leave the Province to seek a more congenial temperature" in California. He expressed the hope that he might regain his health and return to his native Province. He never returned, however, but resided in California from 1868 until his death in 1914, continuing his practice as a physician. He died September 30, 1914, at the Buena Vista Hospital, San Francisco, and was buried with Masonic honours in Mountain View Cemetery, Piedmont, California. For the last few years of his life, he suffered greatly from blindness.

On learning of the departure of Dr. Davies, the Deputy Grand Master (Bro. S. R. Sircom) paid him high tribute: "The great interest always displayed in our instituting, his integrity and the great skill in performing the duties appertaining to his exalted position, have materially tended to elevate Masonry in this jurisdiction to the high position it now occupies. He was one of the most active and zealous among us in establishing the Grand Lodge of Nova Scotia, and his kindness and affability will be remembered by those who had the pleasure of his acquaintance.

"As an expression of our esteem", the Deputy Grand Master concluded, "we beg your acceptance of the accompanying piece of plate, in the hope that on our part it may be a continual memento to you of the good and friendly wishes of the brethren who have had the pleasure of your counsel and advice."

The piece of plate made in Providence, R.I. arrived on the S.S. Carlotta only a few hours before the Grand Master's departure on R.M.S. Africa on December 13, 1867, consequently, very few outside of Grand Lodge had the opportunity to see it. It was made from the design By E. L. Spike, Grand Jeweller of the Grand Lodge and well known in Halifax. It stood twenty-one inches in height, and ws of pure silver and cost about $500.00.

The design represented a glove on which were engraved emblems of the various degrees of Masonry. The globe was surmounted by a figure representing Charity, holding a cup. The latter bore the motto of his family "Dum spiro Spero" (While I breathe, I hope) and the following inscription:

"Presented to William H. Davies, Esq., MD. by the Freemasons of Nova Scotia as a token of their respect and esteem towards him, as the first and only Grand Master of the jurisdiction."

A newspaper of the day describing the gift said, "On the cover of the case were figures representing other emblems of the Craft, the whole forming one of the handsomest things of the kind we have ever seen. It reflects great credit both on the taste of Brother Spike and the skill of the manufacturers."

When Dr. Davies left the Province, his duties as Grand Master were assumed by the Deputy Grand Master, Stephen R. Sircom. In June, 1868, he was elected Grand Master, but retired the following year to enable Alexander Keith to head a united Grand Lodge.

Stephen R. Sircom was born in Bristol, England, in 1837. In Halifax, he was the senior partner in the dry-goods firm of Sircom and Marshall. He retired from the business in 1877 and moved to Massachusetts, where he opened a very prosperous business at Melrose. He died there in 1906. His son, Col. S. J. R. Sircom was prominent in military affairs in Halifax from 1878 until 1937.

Among the leaders who supported the new Grand Master were William Taylor, the Deputy Grand Master of 1866, who later, in 1870 and 1873, again held this office, and in 1881 was elected Grand Master; and the Grand Secretary, Charles J. MacDonald.

William Taylor was born at Windsor in 1821 and was educated at King's College, graduating in 1847. Entering the Anglican Ministry, he served as Rector of Rawdon for several years. Removing to Halifax he entered business. He served as an alderman for fifteen years and was active in school affairs. He was held in high estimation as a Masonic jurist and ritualist. He died February 26, 1888.

Charles J. MacDonald, Grand Secretary (1866-69), served as Grand Master 1890-92. Born in Halifax in 1841 and educated at Dalhousie College, he studied law with the Hon. John S. D. Thompson, and practised his profession until 1879, when he was appointed Post Office Inspector, continuing until his death in 1903. He served as an Alderman for three years, 1876-78, represented Halifax County in the Legislature 1878-79, and was for a time a member of the Cabinet. He was also active in Military circles, serving in the Fenian Raid campaign in 1866 and the North West Rebellion of 1885. He was later Lieut-Colonel of the 66th Halifax Battalion.

His Masonic career began in 1859 in Athole Lodge at the age of 18 years. He was present at every annual communication of the Grand Lodge from that time until his death in 1903. He proved a tower of strength in the early years of the Grand Lodge.

But there were Masonic jurists who did not agree with those mentioned above. As has already been noted, a union of the English and Scottish Lodges had been discussed since 1861. Its consummation was impossible as long as the Grand Lodge of England opposed it. In 1868 this opposition was withdrawn and the English Lodges were at last free to act independently. It was well that this was so, for in spite of Keith's best diplomacy, friction had increased between the Grand Lodge of Nova Scotia and the District Grand Lodge of England over both territory and the chartering of new lodges. There were at this time twenty-one English lodges in the Province, none of which recognized the authority of the Grand Lodge of Nova Scotia. Also the Grand Lodge of England refused recognition and acted as if there were no such body as the Grand Lodge of Nova Scotia. When the Grand Lodge of Nova Scotia was formed, there was pending a petition from some brethren in Truro to the Grand Lodge of England requesting a warrant for a lodge to be established there. The Warrant was granted later as Cobequid Lodge No. 1190. It was accompanied by an assertion by the Grand Lodge of England that, notwithstanding the formation of a new body calling itself the Grand Lodge of Nova Scotia, it did not recognize the claim that the new Grand Lodge had such jurisdiction in Nova Scotia s to exclude the Grand Lodge of England in future. On learning of the issuance of this warrant, the Grand Lodge of Nova Scotia, demanded that it be withdrawn, but no action resulted.

The same situation occurred when the Grand Lodge of England issued a dispensation for Rothesay Lodge at Bridgetown in October 1866, and a warrant in December 1868. A final field of conflict was in Glace Bay where the Grand Lodge of England issued a dispensation for The Tyrian Youth Lodge in June 1867, and a Warrant No. 1234, in September 1868. The disputes were unfortunate. Charges and counter-charges were made which at best were far from Masonic. Clearly, some joint action was indicated. To precipitate it, at the quarterly meeting of the Grand Lodge of Nova Scotia in Truro, September 11, 1868, a resolution was moved by Bro. A. R. Payne, which, after reciting that a considerable period had elapsed since the formation of the Grand Lodge of Nova Scotia, during which period every effort had been made, consistent with a due regard to the display and authority of this Grand Lodge as the supreme ruling power, to unite under one Jurisdiction, all the Masonic Lodges in Nova Scotia, all without result, required that a notice be sent to all lodges working under any other authority to surrender their warrants before June 24 1869, and join the Grand Lodge of Nova Scotia. Those not doing so would be declared clandestine and illegal. After considerable discussion, the resolution was carried unanimously.

With the knowledge that the resolution of September was certain to produce a crisis and that in December, the Grand Lodge of England had intimated that, if its Nova Scotia lodges wished to form a separate and independent Grand Lodge, no difficulty or impediment would be met in receiving recognition, Grand Master Sircom, in consultation with his Grand Secretary, Charles J. MacDonald, approached two of Keith's chief associates in the District Grand Lodge of England, Allen H. Crowe and Benjamin Curren, with the suggestion that the four, with Keith, work out suitable terms for the long desired union. They were cordially received, and work on the terms began at once. The following agreement was reached:

1. That on the 24th of June 1869, the two bodies meet at a place to be agreed upon when a formal vote would be taken by each body on the general question of union.
2. That each body be represented by its Grand Officers; the masters and wardens of all subordinate lodges or their certified proxies; three immediate Past Masters; five principal past officers of the Grand Lodge and four principal past officers of the District Grand Lodge; and the representatives of other Grand Lodges near the Grand Lodge of Nova Scotia. No member of either body was to exercise more than three votes.
3. That if the vote proved favourable to union, the election of Grand officers would follow.
4. That the new Grand Master be elected by open vote and that he be the Hon. Alexander Keith, who, if elected, would be immediately installed. He would then install the remaining officers.
5. That the warrants of all subordinate bodies be endorsed by the new Grand Master as evidence of reissue.
6. That a roll of the United Grand Lodge be prepared according to the seniority of the Lodges on satisfactory proof of the date of origin.
7. That a committee be appointed to revise the Constitution.
8. That a new Grand Lodge seal be adopted, bearing the words, "The Grand Lodge of Ancient, Free, and Accepted Masons of Nova Scotia," encircled.
9. That a banquet be held in honour of the occasion.

A copy of these proposed articles for union was forwarded to the District Grand Lodge and was accepted by it with but one change. Since the inclusion of the representatives of other Grand Lodges applied to the Grand Lodge of Nova Scutage the District Grand Lodge wished the reference deleted. The Grand Lodge of Nova Scotia readily agreed, and so the change was made.

This completed the negotiations and before long the two rival groups reached an agreement to unite to one Grand Lodge of Nova Scotia and the dates of June 23 and 24, 1869 were fixed for the consummation of the Union, an agreement to that effect being signed by both groups in January 1869.

Before the above dates arrived, certain difficulties which existed in some of the lodges, chiefly of Scottish origin, had to be overcome, especially in view of the proposed renumbering. One problem concerned Athole Lodge, which had been divided. For several years there were two Athole Lodges No, 2, on the Registry of the Grand Lodge of Nova Scotia, and No. 361, still under the Grand Lodge of Scotland. If No. 361 joined the union, it would have to take a new name. This it did, becoming Acadia Lodge, now Number 14.

Another Scottish Lodge, Keith, had been listed as Number 3 of the Grand Lodge of Nova Scotia. Its ancestor, however, was Thistle, the first Scottish Lodge in Nova Scotia, established in 1827-28. In the re-numbering would it be considered forty-two years of age or only seventeen? It became No. 17, fourth of the Scottish lodges.

A third problem lodge was Scotia No. 4, which was to have legal difficulties. These were overcome, however, and it became No. 22 on the new roll. In 1874 it united with St. John's Lodge, No. 2.

On the date agreed upon, June 24, the English District Grand Lodge, with 25 lodges on its roll, and Acadia (formerly Athole) No. 361, Scottish Constitution, united with the Grand Lodge of Ancient, Free, and Accepted Masons of Nova Scotia.3

The first officers of the enlarged Grand Lodge of Nova Scotia were:

Hon. Alexander Keith................................M.W. Grand Master
James R. Forman.....................................R. W. Deputy Grand Master
Charles J. MacDonald................................R. W. Substitute Grand Master
J. Norman Ritchie...................................R. W. Senior Grand Warden
H. J. Marshall......................................R. W. Junior Grand Warden
A. K. MacKinlay.....................................R. W. Grand Treasurer
H. C. D. Twining....................................R. W. Grand Secretary
W. S. MacDonald.....................................R. W. Grand Clerk
Rev. D. C. Moore....................................R. W. Grand Chaplain
Charles White.......................................Asst. Grand Chaplain
James Gossip........................................V.W. Senior Grand Deacon
D. Stirling.........................................V. W. Grand Architect
J. Cornelius........................................V.W. Grand Jeweller
Alex. MacKay........................................V. W. Grand Bible Bearer
Douglas MacLeod.....................................V. W. Grand Director of Ceremonies
George Hyde.........................................V. W. Grand Sword Bearer
Prof. Norton........................................V. W. Director of Music
W. M. Ward and George J. Fluck......................Grand Marshals
J. M. Taylor........................................Grand Tyler
Wm. Montgomery, J. J. Wylde, W. Blair,
John Sutherland, H. F. Worrall, John White and
J. Dempster.........................................Grand Stewards

It is not hard to discover the master mind of the Hon. Alexander Keith behind the scenes during the negotiations for union and one deserved the honour of being the first Grand Master more than he; he had united the strifetorn Craft and restored harmony.

At 9:00 a.m., June 24, a large gathering of brethren assembled at Masons Hall with M. W. Bro. Alexander A. Stevenson, Grand Master of Canada presiding and M. W. Bro. B. Lester Peters of New Brunswick acting as presenting officer. M. W. Bro. Hon. Alexander Keith was presented, and after the oaths of office had been administered, was installed and proclaimed as Grand Master of the Craft in Nova Scotia.

A newspaper of the day described the scene as "truly beautiful. The glancing jewels with which members high up in the Order were decorated - the banners and other insignia of Masonry - all combined to make the ceremony a most impressive one, and the able manner in which Messers. Stevenson and Peters discharged their duties added much to that impressiveness."

Following the installation procession was formed for the purpose of attending a Service of worship in the St. Paul's Church. About six hundred Masons of all ranks took part in the parade, which was, perhaps, one of the most imposing ever witnessed in Halifax, as the brethren marched through streets, alive with people and profusely decorated with flags. When the procession reached Hon. Mr. Keith's house, it halted, faced to the front, and at the word from Mr. J. A. Grant, Marshal, gave three ringing cheers for the head of the Masonic body in Nova Scotia, and three for his lady.

"Seated in one of the carriages preceding that in which the Hon. A. Keith sat, was one of the oldest Masons in the Province, George MacKenzie, of Pictou. He was 90 years of age and had been a Mason for 71 years, and was Conductor of Port Rose Lodge, Stornaway, when Lord Broughan was inducted into the mysteries of Massonry. The old gentleman looked hale, walked firmly, and bid fair for the honour of being, in time, the oldest Mason in the world."

"The procession moved off through Barrington, South, Hollis and George Sts. to St. Paul's Church, where the Rev. D. C. Moore preached an impressive sermon. His text was Hebrews XIII, 1st v.: 'Let brotherly love continue'.

"After the service the procession re-formed on the Grand Parade, when a photograph of the body was taken by Mr. Chase. This over, the procession continued, the line of march back to the Masonic Hall, where the brethren dispersed."

Another newspaper had this to say:

"Typical of the old-fashioned celebrations was that held in Halifax by members of the Masonic fraternity on June 24, 1869. That day is the feast of Saint John, one of the most celebrated Christian patrons of Masonry, and it was duly celebrated here by members of the ancient fraternity from all parts of the province.

"The occasion was more than unusually interesting.: It was said at the time, "having for its principal object the healing of the differences of many years, and which healing alone could render the Institution healthy and useful. This happily is now accomplished; the structure is perfect and an uninterrupted career of success must be the inevitable result," it was forecast.

The occasion ended with a banquet in the "skating rink, gotten up like all Masonic affairs in the best possible style; at which nearly six hundred sat down."

NOTES

1. The Grand Lodge of Scotland later admitted to the neglect of the lodges overseas, and reprimanded the officers who were responsible for it.
2. The committee consisted of R. G. Romans of Keith, William Garvie of St. Mark, William Taylor of Burns, S. R. Sircom of Scotia, and Charles J. MacDonald of Athole.
3. In addition to the eleven lodges numbered in 1866, the Grand Lodge of Nova Scotia had by 1869; Ophir of Tangier, Eureka of Sheet Harbour, Acacia of Amherst, Truro of Truro, Eldorado of Wine Harbour, Scotia of Yarmouth, Royal Albert of North Sydney, Solomon of Port Hawkesbury, Acacia of Bridgewater, Poyntz of Windsor (now Hantsport), Orient of Richmond (Halifax Co.), Western Star of Westville, Philadelphia of Barrington, Eastern Star of Dartmouth, Harmony of North East Harbour (Shelburne Co.), and W. H. Davies of Woods Harbour. Some of these were soon erased; others continue until now.